理論構念(construct)與測量指標(indicator)

}測量理論概念之兩種測量指標：

反映性指標(reflective indicator) ：指標只為構念外在的表現形式，通常反映一共同的理論構念，因果關係由構念指向測量指標。

即構念發生變化時,測量指標也隨之發生變化,因為測量指標之間存在很大的共同變異,它們之間的高度一致,任何兩者在測量上都可以互換,在刪除某一個指標之後,不會改變測驗內容的完整性

如組織支持知覺(perceived or organizational support)有重視員工福利,提供有意義的工作,改善工作環境,關心員工的成長,解釋這些行為時,存在著很高的一致性

Superordinate Construct上層構念

A superordinate construct is general concept that is manifested byits dimensions. The dimensions of a superordinate construct are analogous to reflective measures, which are observed variables that serve as manifest indicators of an underlying construct.

形成性指標(formative indicator) ：構念立基於測量指標的整合基礎上，指標說明構念的不同層面， 因果關係由指標指示構念。 

作為一個不可分割的整體,這些形成性測量指標共同決定了構念的意義,如果測量上少了某個指標,則我們對構念的估計就不完整.

如社會經濟地位,就是透過教育水準,薪資收入,家庭背景等來測量,這些指標從不同方面共同決定了一個人的社會經濟地位.

Aggregate Construct 聚集構念

Unlike a superordinate construct, an aggregate construct is a composite of its dimensions, meaning the dimensions combine to produce the construct.

The  dimensions of an aggregate construct are analogous to formative measures, which form or induce a construct. 

However, whereas formative measures are observed variables, the dimensions of an aggregate construct are themselves constructs conceived as specific components of the general construct they collectively constitute.

reference:

1.Edwards Jeffrey R. (2001), Multidimensional Constructs in Organizational Behavior Research: An Integrative Analytical Framework, Organizational Research Methods, 4(2), pp.144-192

2.徐淑英、歐怡（2008）。科學過程與研究設計。陳曉萍、徐淑英、樊景立、鄭伯壎（主編），組織與管理研究的實證方法

3.Edmondson, A.C. and Mcmanus, S.E. (2007), Methodological fit in management field research. Academy of Management Review, 32(4), 1155-1179.